Biodiesel Tutorial and Resource Center

Bio Diesel Emission data Sheet

2008-09-01T06:54:00.000-07:00

Before i post here i was posted bio diesel emission from various source, at this post i write factual data sheet of bio diesel emission include pdf file from biodiesel community resource.

Biodisel Fact Sheet from Biodiesel.org

Presentation file of biodiesel emission from biofuel.coop include Catalytic Converters

Journal from NREL.Gov about
Regulated Emissions from Biodiesel Tested in Heavy-Duty, Engines Meeting 2004 Emission Standards
(The biodiesels were tested neat and as 20% by volume blends with a 15 ppm sulfur petroleum derived diesel fuel. The test engines were the following:
2002 Cummins ISB and 2003 DDC Series 60. Both engines met the 2004 U.S)

The Effect of Biodiesel Composition on Engine Emissions from a DDC Series 60 Diesel Engine a Complete Report

Testing the biodiesels produced from natural sources (supplied by IGT and ARS) indicated that PM emissions did not depend on molecular structure but were dependent on the oxygen content of the fuel only. All fuels reduced PM relative to certification diesel. NOx emissions varied considerably with biodiesel feedstock but all increased NOx relative to certification diesel. The most highly unsaturated fuels (canola, soy, and soapstock) produced the highest NOx emissions. Soy and soapstock biodiesels produced very similar emissions, as expected. Btu based fuel economy was the same for all biodiesels and certification fuel

Evaluation of the Effects of Biodiesel Fuel on Emissions from Heavy-Duty Non-Road Vehicles

Construction applications could provide an important niche for biodiesel. Construction applications often require large quantities of fuel at remote sites where fueling infrastructure for some other alternative fuels, such as natural gas, is nearly impossible. The present project was a pilot study to evaluate the potential effectiveness of biodiesel in reducing emissions from off road vehicles. For this program, opacity measurements were conducted on 4 off-road vehicles
operated on a California in-use diesel fuel, and a blend of 20% biodiesel (B20) and 30% biodiesel (B30) with this fuel

Presentation File of Biodiesel and Pollutant Emissions
include results and testing method of NOx for Biodiesel Fuel B20, Dynamometer, and Others

Emission from Ethanol and Biofuel and the effect to human health

Emissions of Biodiesel and Vegetable Oil Ufop Report

To investigate influences of fuel design on regulated and non-regulated emissions of heavy-duty diesel engines, a Mercedes-Benz OM 906 Euro 3 engine was run with common diesel fuel (DF), first- and second-generation alternative fuels, and blends of these. Secondly, an IVECO Tector F4A Euro 4 test engine equipped with an urea based selective catalytic reduction (SCR) pilot series system was subjected to a 1000 hour endurance test using high-phosphorous (10 ppm) biodiesel

Average Biodiesel Emissions Compared to Conventional Diesel

Emission DATA for D60

Fact of Biodiesel Emissions

2008-09-01T06:26:00.000-07:00

we commonly hear that Biodiesel have low emission than gasoline and diesel fuel,how much exactly the emission of Biodiesel? below is data sheet from various organization that's tested Biodiesel emission.

Biodiesel is the first and only alternative fuel to have a complete evaluation of emission results and potential health effects submitted to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) under the Clean Air Act Section 211(b). These programs include
the most stringent emissions testing protocols ever required by EPA for certification of fuels or fuel additives. The data gathered complete the most thorough inventory of the environmental and human health effects attributes that current technology will
allow.

1. the fact of biodiesel emision based on test by EVA are
The ozone (smog) forming potential of biodiesel hydrocarbons is less than
diesel fuel
2. The exhaust emissions of carbon monoxide from biodiesel are on average 48 percent lower than carbon monoxide emissions from diesel.
3. The exhaust emissions of total hydrocarbons (a contributing factor in the localized formation of smog and ozone) are on average 67 percent lower for biodiesel than diesel fuel
4. NOx emissions from biodiesel increase or decrease depending on the engine family and testing procedures.
5. Biodiesel reduces the health risks associated with petroleum diesel.
Biodiesel emissions show decreased levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (nPAH), which have been identified as potential cancer causing compounds

or you can download full report at
www.biodiesel.org/pdf_files/fuelfactsheets/emissions.PDF

Compared to diesel, biodiesel produces no sulfur, no net carbon dioxide, up to 20 times less carbon monoxide and more free oxygen. Biodiesel has the following emissions characteristics when compared with petroleum diesel fuel:

1. Reduction of carbon dioxide emissions (CO2) by 100%
2. Reduction of sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions by 100%
3. Reduction of soot emissions by 40-60%
4. Reduction of carbon monoxide (CO) emissions by 10-50%
5. Reduction of hydrocarbon (HC) emissions by 10-50%
6. Reduction of all polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and specifically the reduction of the following carcinogenic PAHs:

1. Reduction of phenanthren by 97%
2. Reduction of benzofloroanthen by 56%
3. Reduction of benzapyren by 71%
4. Reduction of aldehydes and aromatic compounds by 13%
5. Reduction or increase in nitrous oxide (NOx) emissions by 5-10% depending on the age and type of engine.

http://www.biodieselamerica.org/what_is_biodiesel

Studies on biodiesel emissions have been conducted for almost 20 years. In that time biodiesel has undergone the most rigorous testing of any alternative fuel, having been the first and only fuel to be evaluated by the EPA under the Clean Air Act Section 211(b). This study examined the impact of hundreds of regulated and non-regulated exhaust emissions, as well as the potential health effects of these emissions. Some of these results are summarized below.

Average Exhaust Emissions for 100% Biodiesel Compared to Petroleum Diesel Fuel*
Regulated Exhaust Emissions B100
Particulate Matter -47%
Carbon Monoxide -48%
Total Unburned Hydrocarbons -67%
Nitrogen Oxides +10%
Non Regulated Emissions
Sulfates -100%
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) -80%
Nitrated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (nPAH) -90%
Speciated Hydrocarbons Ozone Forming Potential -50%

Explanation of Emission Types

Particulate Matter (Black Smoke)
Emissions of particulate matter have been linked to respiratory diseases and are generally considered to be a human health hazard. Emissions of particulate matter are reduced with biodiesel by 47%.

Carbon Monoxide
Carbon Monoxide is a poisonous gas. Reduced with biodiesel by 48%.

Total Unburned Hydrocarbons
Compounds which contribute to localized formation of smog. Reduced with biodiesel by 67%.

Nitrogen Oxides
Compounds which contribute to localized formation of smog. The average increase of Nitrogen oxide emissions from biodiesel is 0%-10%, depending upon the test used in obtaining the data.

Sulfates
Sulfates are major contributors to acid rain. These emissions are practically eliminated when using biodiesel.

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH and nPAH)
These compounds have been identified as carcinogenic (cancer causing) compounds. Biodiesel reduces emissions of these compounds by up to 85% for PAH compounds and 90% for nPAH compounds.

Speciated Hydrocarbons
These compounds contribute to the formation of localized smog and ozone. The potential for smog formation from speciated hydrocarbons is reduced by 50% when using biodiesel.

Life Cycle Reduction of CO2
Biodiesel helps reduce the risk of global warming by reducing net carbon emissions to the atmosphere. When biodiesel is burned, it releases carbon dioxide to the atmosphere, but crops which are used to produce biodiesel take up carbon dioxide from the atmosphere in their growth cycle. A joint study conducted by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, and the U.S. Department of Energy determined that biodiesel reduces net carbon dioxide emissions to the atmosphere by 78.5% compared with petroleum diesel fuel.
http://www.nrel.gov/docs/legosti/fy98/24089.pdf

Other Fact
• This same phenomenon reduces air toxics, because the air toxics are
associated with the unburned or partially burned HC and PM emissions.
• Testing has shown that PM, HC, and CO reductions are independent of
the feedstock used to make biodiesel.
http://biofuels.coop/pdfs/9_emissions.pdf

advantages of Biodiesel

2007-09-05T07:18:00.000-07:00

Biodiesel has several distinct advantages compared with petrodiesel in addition to being fully competitive with petrodiesel in most technical aspects:
・Derivation from a renewable domestic resource, thus reducing dependence onand preserving petroleum.
・Biodegradability.
・Reduction of most exhaust emissions (with the exception of nitrogen oxides,NOX).
・Higher flash point, leading to safer handling and storage.
・Excellent lubricity, a fact that is steadily gaining importance with the advent
of low-sulfur petrodiesel fuels, which have greatly reduced lubricity. Adding
biodiesel at low levels (1・%) restores the lubricity.

other advantages are
Biodiesel fuels perform just as well as regular diesel fuels. A 1998 DOE test confirmed that using low blends of biodiesel will provide an increase in fuel economy. Laboratory tests, as well as road tests, have proven that biodiesel fuels have the same horsepower and torque as regular petrodiesel engines.

Engines will last longer when using biofuels. Traditional diesel engines have a much higher rate of engine wear (lubricity). Lubricity levels are even improved at low bio concentration levels. New regulations require petrodiesel engines to lower sulfur emissions considerably, making biodiesel blends much more attractive as a practical fuel to use. Biodiesel also offers a higher cetane ignition rating, which means that there is less engine noise pollution (dieseling).

At the production level, biodiesel fuel is a clean and affordable fuel for trucks, buses, farm equipment and other forms of heavy transportation. Biofuel refineries are much more simplistic and environmentally friendly in design than typical petrochemical refineries. With the continued rise of international fuel prices, biodiesel is set to become much more popular as a fuel option in the farming and transportation industries.

some those article take from http://www.alternative-energy-news.info

Why Can Vegetable Oils and Animal Fats and Their Derivatives Be Used as (Alternative) Diesel Fuel?

2007-09-05T07:12:00.000-07:00

The fact that vegetable oils, animal fats, and their derivatives such as alkyl esters are suitable as diesel fuel demonstrates that there must be some similarity to petrodiesel fuel or at least to some of its components. The fuel property that best shows this suitability is called the cetane number In addition to ignition quality as expressed by the cetane scale, several other properties are important for determining the suitability of biodiesel as a fuel. Heat of combustion, pour point, cloud point, (kinematic) viscosity, oxidative stability, and lubricity are among the most important of these properties.

Believe it or not, the original diesel engines were designed to run on peanut oil! Today's engines are designed with petro-diesel in mind and therefore require a fuel with similar physical properties. Vegetable oil will burn in a diesel engine but only if its viscosity (how thick a liquid is) can be brought down to a level similar to petro-diesel.

To do this you can mix it with another fuel such as kerosene or petro-diesel, but you can also do it by heating it to about 160 °F. This option can allow you to run on pure vegetable oil, including waste vegetable oil.

Why Are Vegetable Oils and Animal Fats Transesterified to Alkyl Esters (Biodiesel)

2007-09-05T07:08:00.000-07:00

The major reason that vegetable oils and animal fats are transesterified to alkyl esters (biodiesel) is that the kinematic viscosity of the biodiesel is much closer to that of petrodiesel. The high viscosity of untransesterified oils and fats leads to operational problems in the diesel engine such as deposits on various engine parts. Although there are engines and burners that can use untransesterified oils, the vast majority of engines require the lower-viscosity fuel.

Rudolf Diesel

2007-03-19T06:28:00.001-07:00

Rudolf Diesel
It is generally known that vegetable oils and animal fats were investigated as diesel fuels well before the energy crises of the 1970s and early 1980s sparked renewed interest in alternative fuels. It is also known that Rudolf Diesel (1858–1913), the
inventor of the engine that bears his name, had some interest in these fuels. However,the early history of vegetable oil-based diesel fuels is often presented inconsistently, and “facts” that are not compatible with Diesel’s own statements are encountered freq u e n t l y .
Therefore, it is appropriate to begin this history with the words of Diesel himselfin his book Die Entstehung des Dieselmotors (1) [The Development (or Creation or Rise o r C o m i n g) of the Diesel Engine] in which he describes when the first seed ofdeveloping what was to become the diesel engine was planted in his mind. In the first chapter of the book entitled “The Idea,” Diesel states: “When my highly respected teacher, Professor Linde, explained to his listeners during the lecture on thermodynamics in 1878 at the P o l y t e c h n i k u m in Munich (note: now the Technical University
of Munich) that the steam engine only converts 6–10% of the available heat content of the fuel into work, when he explained Carnot’s theorem and elaborated that during the isothermal change of state of a gas all transferred heat is converted into work, I wrote in the margin of my notebook: ‘Study, if it isn’t possible to practically realize the isotherm!’ At that time I challenged myself! That was not yet an invention, not even the idea for it. From then on, the desire to realize the ideal Carnot process determined my existence. I left the school, joined the practical side, had to achieve my standing in
life. The thought constantly pursued me.”
This statement by Diesel clearly shows that he approached the development of the diesel engine from a thermodynamic point of view. The objective was to develop an efficient engine. The relatively common assertion made today that Diesel developed
“his” engine specifically to use vegetable oils as fuel is therefore incorrect. In a later chapter of his book entitled “Liquid Fuels,” Diesel addresses the use of vegetable oils as a fuel: “For [the] sake of completeness it needs to be mentioned that already in the year 1900 plant oils were used successfully in a diesel engine. During the Paris Exposition in 1900, a small diesel engine was operated on arachide (peanut) oil by the French Otto Company. It worked so well that only a few insiders knew about this inconspicuous circumstance. The engine was built for petroleum and was used for the plant oil without any change. In this case also, the consumption experiments resulted in heat utilization identical to petroleum.” A total of five diesel engines,

What is Biodiesel

2007-03-19T06:12:00.000-07:00

Preface

The diesel engine has been the engine of choice for heavy-duty applications in agriculture, construction, industrial, and on-highway transport for more 50 yr. Its early popularity could be attributed to its ability to use the portion of the petroleum crude oil that had previously been considered a waste product from the refining of gasoline. Later, the diesel's durability, high torque capacity, and fuel efficiency ensured its role in the most demanding applications. Although diesels have not been widely used in passenger cars in the United States (1%), they have achieved widespread acceptance in Europe with 33% of the total market (1). In the United States, on-highway diesel engines now consume 30 billion gal- lons of diesel fuel per year, and virtually all of this is in trucks (2). At the present time, only a minute fraction of this fuel is biodiesel. However, as petroleum becomes more expensive to locate and extract, and environmental concerns about diesel exhaust emissions and global warming increase, “biodiesel” is likely to
emerge as one of several potential alternative diesel fuels.

Definition

Very often, a broad, general description is used to define biodiesel in a way that is easy to understand by the general public. However, when these broad descriptions are adopted by an authoritative body as a formal definition, they can include a wide range of experimental fuels that are not biodiesel. The term “biodiesel” has a specific, technical definition that has been agreed to through a painstaking process by members of industry and government which has received full approval by the American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM), the premier standard setting organization for fuels and fuel additives. That definition is used for purposes such as alternative fuel designation, EPA registration, or other regulatory purposes. Nonetheless, this specific technical definition can be confusing to the general public. We have, therefore, chosen to adopt two definitions for biodiesel. The “general definition” is a simple description for the general public. The “technical definition” should be adopted for use by customers for bid specification purposes or government entities for regulatory purposes.

General Definition of Biodiesel:
Biodiesel is a domestic, renewable fuel for diesel engines derived from natural oils like soybean oil, and which meets the specifications of ASTM D 6751.

Clarifying language to general definition:
Biodiesel can be used in any concentration with petroleum based diesel fuel in existing diesel engines with little or no modification. Biodiesel is not the same thing as raw vegetable oil. It is produced by a chemical process which removes the glycerin from the oil.

Technical Definition for Biodiesel (ASTM D 6751) and Biodiesel Blend:
Biodiesel, n—a fuel comprised of mono-alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids derived from vegetable oils or animal fats, designated B100, and meeting the requirements of ASTM D 6751.

Biodiesel Blend, n—a blend of biodiesel fuel meeting ASTM D 6751 with petroleum-based diesel fuel, designated BXX, where XX represents the volume percentage of biodiesel fuel in the blend.

Clarifying language to technical definition:
Biodiesel, as defined in D 6751, is registered with the US EPA as a fuel and a fuel additive under Section 211(b) of the Clean Air Act.

Biodiesel is typically produced by a reaction of a vegetable oil or animal fat with an alcohol such as methanol or ethanol in the presence of a catalyst to yield mono-alkyl esters and glycerin, which is removed.

www.biodiesel.org